Record 1.5 ignition key drivers download free

Sixty-one percent of major Southeast cities are exhibiting some aspects of worsening heat waves, which is a higher percentage than any other region of the country.

Southeastern cities including Memphis and Raleigh have a particularly high future heat risk. Exposure to high nighttime minimum temperatures reduces the ability of some people to recover from high daytime temperatures, resulting in heat-related illness and death. For example, the Louisville, Kentucky, metro government conducted an urban heat management study and installed , square feet of cool roofs as part of their goal to lessen the risk of climate change impacts.

The transmission of vector-borne diseases, which are spread by the bite of an animal such as a mosquito or tick, is complex and depends on a number of factors, including weather and climate, vegetation, animal host populations, and human activities Ch. Climate change is likely to modify the seasonality, distribution, and prevalence of vector-borne diseases in the Southeast. Climatic conditions are currently suitable for adult mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti , which can spread dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, across most of the Southeast from July through September Figure The Southeast is the region of the country with the most favorable conditions for this mosquito and thus faces the greatest threat from diseases the mosquito carries.

Summer increases in dengue cases are expected across every state in the Southeast. Despite warming, low winter temperatures may prevent permanent year-round establishment of the virus across the region.

Poor air quality directly impacts human health, resulting in respiratory disease and other ailments. In the Southeast, poor air quality can result from emissions mostly from vehicles and power plants , wildfires, and allergens such as pollen. The major urban centers in the Southeast are already impacted by poor air quality during warmer months. Ozone concentrations would be expected to increase under higher temperatures; however, a variety of factors complicate projections Ch.

There are many possible future wind and cloud cover conditions for the Southeast as well as the potential for continued shifts in land-use patterns, demographics and population geography, and vehicle and power plant emissions standards.

Increases in precipitation and shifts in wind trajectories may reduce future health impacts of ground level ozone in the Southeast, 35 but warmer and drier autumns are expected to result in a lengthening of the period of ozone exposure. The fast growth rate of urban areas in the Southeast contributes to aeroallergens, which are known to cause and exacerbate respiratory diseases such as asthma.

Urban areas have higher concentrations of CO 2 , which causes allergenic plants, such as ragweed, to grow faster and produce more pollen than in rural areas.

Infrastructure, particularly roads, bridges, coastal properties, and urban drainage, is vulnerable to climate change and climate-related events see Key Message 2 see also Ch. As a result, MARTA has begun to identify vulnerable assets and prioritize improvements to develop a more resilient system. Flood events in Charleston, South Carolina, have been increasing, and by the city is projected to face nearly tidal floods flooding in coastal areas at high tide per year, as compared to 11 floods per year in The city has responded by making physical modifications, developing a more robust disaster response plan, and improving planning and monitoring prior to flood events.

Infrastructure related to drinking water treatment and wastewater treatment may be compromised by climate-related events Ch. Water utilities across the Southeast are preparing for these impacts. Tampa Bay Water, the largest wholesale water utility in the Southeast, is coordinating with groups including the Florida Water and Climate Alliance to study the impact of climate change on its ability to provide clean water in the future.

Implementation of these strategies has already resulted in a reduction in water consumption in the city of Atlanta, relieving strain on the water utility and increasing resilience. There are still gaps in knowledge regarding the potential effects of climate change on cities across the Southeast. Average global sea level or global mean sea level; GMSL has risen about 8—9 inches since , with about 3 inches of that rise occurring since Monthly and seasonal fluctuations in high tide levels are caused by a combination of astronomical factors sun and moon gravitational attraction and non-astronomical factors such as geomorphology landscape of the area , as well as meteorological weather conditions.

The highest tides of the year are generally the perigean, or spring, tides, which occur when the moon is full or new and is closest to the Earth. These floods can cause problems ranging from inconvenient to life changing. While the challenges brought on by rising perigean tides are diverse, important examples include increasingly frequent road closures, excessive water in storm water management systems, and deterioration of infrastructure such as roads and rail from saltwater.

These thresholds correspond to discrete water levels relative to NOAA tide gauges. Recent analyses of historical water levels at many NOAA tide gauges has shown an increase in the number of times that these warning thresholds were exceeded compared to the past.

Annual occurrences of high tide coastal flooding have increased 5- to fold since the s in several low-lying coastal cities in the Southeast Figure The Miami area nearly matched the record of 18 days. For example, in Norfolk, Virginia, local relative sea level rise has led to a fourfold increase in the probability of exceeding NWS thresholds compared to the s Figure High tide flooding is now posing daily risks to businesses, neighborhoods, infrastructure, transportation, and ecosystems in the Southeast.

Global sea level is very likely to rise by 0. This increase in flood frequency suggests the need to consider revising flood study techniques and standards that are currently used to design and build coastal infrastructure. Higher sea levels will cause the storm surges from tropical storms to travel farther inland than in the past, impacting more coastal properties. Marine transportation can be impacted as well. Large ports in the Southeast, such as Charleston, Savannah, and Jacksonville, and the rails and roads that link to them, are particularly vulnerable to both coastal flooding and sea level rise Ch.

The Port of Jacksonville provides raw material for industries, food, clothes, and essential goods to Puerto Rico, thus impacting the U. Caribbean region, as well Ch. Caribbean, KM 3. It is estimated that with a meter about 3. Many of the older historical coastal cities in the Southeast were built just above the current Mean Higher High Water MHHW level the average height of the higher of the two daily high tides at a given location , with a gravity-driven drainage system designed to drain rainwater into the tidal estuaries.

As sea levels have risen locally in the last one hundred years, the storm water systems in these areas are no longer able to perform as designed. When these cities experience high tide coastal flooding due to perigean tides, the tidewater enters the storm water system, which prevents rainwater from entering storm drains and causes increased impacts from flooding.

In the future, the gravity-driven nature of many of these systems may cease to function as designed, causing rainwater to flood streets and neighborhoods until the tide lowers and water can drain normally. Cities such as Charleston and Miami have already begun to improve storm water infrastructure and explore natural and nature-based infrastructure design to reduce future flood risk.

Long causeways with intermittent bridges to connect the mainland to these popular tourism destinations were built decades ago at only a few feet above MHHW. Sea level rise has put these transportation connection points at risk. High tide coastal flooding has started to inundate these low-lying roads, restricting access during certain times of the day and causing public safety concerns. The U. East Coast, for example, already has 7, miles of roadways, including over miles of interstate roadways, currently threatened by high tide coastal flooding Ch.

Sea level rise is already causing an increase in high tide flood events in the Southeast region and is adding to the impact of more extreme coastal flooding events. In the future, this flooding is projected to become more serious, disruptive, and costly as its frequency, depth, and inland extent grow with time Ch.

Extreme rainfall events have increased in frequency and intensity in the Southeast, and there is high confidence they will continue to increase in the future Figure By the end of the century under a higher scenario RCP8. Natural resources see Key Message 3 , industry, the local economy, and the population of the region are at increasing risk to these extreme events.

Across the Southeast since , there have been numerous examples of intense rainfall events—many approaching levels that would be expected to occur only once every years 82 , 83 —that have made state or national news due to the devastating impact they had on inland communities. Of these events, four major inland flood events have occurred in just three years — in the Southeast, causing billions of dollars in damages and loss of life Table A closer look at the August event in Louisiana provides an example of how vulnerable inland communities in the Southeast region are to these extreme rainfall events.

Between August 11—15 , nearly half of southern Louisiana received at least 12—14 inches of rainfall. While urban areas such as Baton Rouge and Lafayette were hit the hardest, receiving upwards of 30 inches in a few days, coastal locations were also inundated with up to 20 inches of rain. Rainfall totals across the region exceeded amounts that would be expected to occur once every 1, years or a less than 0. Events of such magnitudes are projected to become more likely in the future due to a changing climate, 19 , 87 putting more people in peril from future floods.

Existing flood map boundaries do not account for future flood risk due to the increasing frequency of more intense precipitation events, as well as new development that would reduce the floodplain's ability to manage storm water.

As building and rebuilding in flood-prone areas continue, the risks of the kinds of major losses seen in these events will continue to grow. The growing number of extreme rainfall events is stressing the deteriorating infrastructure in the Southeast.

Many transportation and storm water systems have not been designed to withstand these events. The combined effects of rising numbers of high tide flooding and extreme rainfall events, along with deteriorating storm water infrastructure, are increasing the frequency and magnitude of coastal and lowland flood events.

The recent increases in flood risk have led many cities and counties to take adaptive actions to reduce these effects. Four counties in Southeast Florida formed a climate compact in to address climate change impacts, including sea level rise and high tide flooding.

Several Southeast communities—such as Hillsborough and Pinellas Counties, Florida; Biloxi, Mississippi; Chatham County, Georgia; and Myrtle Beach, South Carolina—have earned low CRS classes 5 on a scale of 1—10, with 1 being the best or most insurance premium discount by implementing freeboard and other regulations that exceed the minimum standards. Increases in extreme rainfall events and high tide coastal floods due to future climate change could impact the quality of life of permanent residents as well as tourists visiting the low-lying and coastal regions of the Southeast.

Recent social science studies have indicated that people may migrate from many coastal communities that are vulnerable to the impacts of sea level rise, high tide flooding, saltwater intrusion, and storm surge. For the United States, was a historic year for weather and climate disasters, with widespread impacts and lingering costs. In , Hurricane Irma was one of three major hurricanes to make landfall in the United States and territories, with the most significant impacts occurring in the Southeast region.

Irma was a Category 4 storm with mph wind speeds when it made landfall at Cudjoe Key, Florida 20 miles north of Key West. Storm surge inundations at Cudjoe and the surrounding Keys were between 5 and 8 feet. Caribbean, Box According to the National Weather Service, Hurricane Irma was only the fifth hurricane with winds of mph or higher in the whole of the Atlantic Basin since reliable record keeping began, and it was the strongest observed hurricane in the open Atlantic Ocean.

The storm tracked up the west coast of Florida, impacting both coasts of the Florida peninsula with 3—5 feet of inundation from Cape Canaveral north to the Florida—Georgia border and even further, impacting coastal areas of Georgia and South Carolina with high tides and storm surge that reached 3—5 feet.

Inland areas were also impacted by winds and heavy rains with river gauges and high-water marks showing upwards of 2—6 feet above ground level. Even though the wind speed fell below tropical storm strength, many communities along the coasts of Florida, Georgia, North and South Carolina, and Virginia experienced severe wind and storm surge damage with some near-historic levels of coastal flooding.

A state of emergency was declared in four states from Florida north to Virginia and in Puerto Rico and the U. Virgin Islands, and, for the first time ever, Atlanta was placed under a tropical storm warning. High rainfall totals were experienced in many impacted areas, with Fort Pierce, Florida, receiving the highest rainfall of more than In Jacksonville, Florida, heavy rains were the major issue causing rivers to reach major or record flood stage and flooded some city streets up to 5 feet deep in water.

The heavy rainfall was noted even in Alabama, at 5 inches, and near 6 inches in the mountains of western North Carolina. The remaining costs would address losses in the U. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Indirect impacts and costs are difficult to calculate and would add to the totals.

In Central and South Florida, such things would include the closing of schools, colleges, and universities; the closing of tourist attractions and the cancellation of thousands of flights into and out of region; and the closing or restricting of the use of seaports including Canaveral, Key West, Miami, and Jacksonville, among others. Ecosystems in the Southeast span the transition zone between tropical and temperate climates. Ecological diversity in the Southeast is high, , , , , and southeastern ecosystems and landscapes provide many benefits to society.

In addition to providing habitat for fish and wildlife species, ecosystems in the Southeast provide recreational opportunities, improve water quality, provide seafood, reduce erosion, provide timber, support food webs, minimize flooding impacts, and support high rates of carbon sequestration or storage. Climate greatly influences the structure and functioning of all natural systems Ch.

An analysis of ecological changes that have occurred in the past can help provide some context for anticipating and preparing for future ecological changes.

In response to past climatic changes, many ecosystems in the Southeast were much different than those present today.

For example, since the end of the last glacial maximum about 19, years ago—the most recent period of maximum ice extent , forests in the region have been transformed by warming temperatures, sea level rise, and glacial retreat.

In the coming decades and centuries, climate change will continue to transform many ecosystems throughout the Southeast, 6 , , , , , , which would affect many of the societal benefits these ecosystems provide. As a result, future generations can expect to experience, interact with, and potentially benefit from natural systems that are much different than those that we see today Ch.

Changes in winter air temperature patterns are one aspect of climate change that will play an especially important role in the Southeast.

By the late 21st century under the higher scenario RCP8. Winter air temperature extremes for example, freezing and chilling events constrain the northern limit of many tropical and subtropical species.

Where climatic thresholds are crossed, certain ecosystem and landscapes will be transformed by changing winter air temperatures. Plant hardiness zone maps help convey the importance of winter air temperature extremes for species and natural systems in the Southeast. To help gardeners and farmers, the U. Department of Agriculture has produced plant hardiness zone maps that can be used to determine which species are most likely to survive and thrive in a given location.

The plant hardiness zones are reflective of the frequency and intensity of winter air temperature extremes in a specific region. Already, in response to climate change, plant hardiness zones in certain areas are moving northward and are expected to continue their northward and upslope progression. For example, citrus species are sensitive to freezing and chilling temperatures. The effects of changing winters reach far beyond just agricultural and garden plants.

Along the coast, for example, warmer winter temperatures are expected to allow mangrove forests to move northward and replace salt marshes Figures In addition to plants, warmer winter air temperatures will also affect the movement and interactions between many different kinds of organisms. For example, certain insect species, including mosquitoes and tree-damaging beetles, are expected to move northward in response to climate change, which could affect human health and timber supplies.

Many recreational fishery populations in tropical coastal areas are freeze-sensitive , , , , , and are, therefore, expected to move northward in response to warmer water and air temperatures. Although the appearance of tropical recreational fish, like snook for example, may be favorable for some anglers, the movement of tropical marine species is expected to greatly modify existing food webs and ecosystems Ch.

For example, in South Florida, the Burmese python and the Brazilian pepper tree are two freeze-sensitive, nonnative species that have, respectively, decimated mammal populations and transformed native plant communities within Everglades National Park.

In the Southeast region, changing fire regimes defined by factors including frequency, intensity, size, pattern, season, and severity are expected to have a large impact on natural systems. Fire has historically played an important role in the region, and ecological diversity in many southeastern natural systems is dependent upon fire.

A recent example of the importance of fire lies in the forests of the southern Appalachians. Over the last century, invasive insects, logging, and pathogens have transformed forests in the region. High temperatures, increases in accumulated plant material on the forest floor, and a four-month seasonal drought in the fall of collectively produced the worst wildfires the region has seen in a century.

Intra-annual droughts, like the one in , are expected to become more frequent in the future. Rising sea levels and potential changes in hurricane intensity are aspects of climate change that are expected to have a tremendous effect on coastal ecosystems in the Southeast Ch. Since coastal terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems are highly sensitive to increases in inundation and salinity, sea level rise will result in the rapid conversion of these systems to tidal saline habitats.

Historically, coastal ecosystems in the region have adjusted to sea level rise by vertical and horizontal movement across the landscape. An example of the effects of rising sea levels can be found in Louisiana, which faces some of the highest land loss rates in the world.

Climate change is expected to intensify the hydrologic cycle and increase the frequency and severity of extreme events like drought and heavy rainfall. The prolonged inundation and lack of oxygen that results from extreme rainfall can also result in mortality, such as the dieback of critical foundation plant species, and other large impacts to natural systems. Natural systems in the region will have to become resistant and resilient to both too little water and too much water.

The ecological transformations induced by these extreme events will affect many of the benefits that natural systems provide to society. Warming ocean temperatures due to climate change are expected to have a large effect on marine and coastal ecosystems Ch.

For example, the distribution of tropical herbivorous fish has been expanding in response to warmer waters, which has resulted in the tropicalization of some temperate marine ecosystems and decreases in the cover of valuable macroalgal plant communities. However, the impacts to coral reef ecosystems in the region have been and are expected to be particularly dire.

Coral reefs are biologically diverse ecosystems that provide many societal benefits, including coastal protection from waves, habitat for fish, and recreational and tourism opportunities. When this happens, corals lose their color and die in a process known as coral bleaching Ch.

Coral elevation and volume in the Florida Keys have been declining in recent decades, and present-day temperatures in the region are already close to bleaching thresholds; hence, it is likely that many of the remaining coral reefs in the Southeast region will be lost in the coming decades.

Many in rural communities are maintaining connections to traditional livelihoods and relying on natural resources that are inherently vulnerable to climate change. For example, shrimping, oystering, and fishing along the coast are long-standing traditions in the coastal economy that are expected to face substantial challenges. Heat-related stresses are presently a major concern in the Southeast. Future temperature increases are projected to pose challenges for human health.

While recent regional temperature trends have not shown the same consistent rate of daytime maximum temperature increase as observed in other parts of the United States, climate model simulations strongly suggest that daytime maximum temperatures are likely to increase as humans continue to emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Drought has been a recurrent issue in the Southeast affecting agriculture, forestry, and water resources.

Urban and rural areas exist along a continuum from major metro areas to suburbs, small towns, and lightly populated places.

These areas are linked through many processes, commuting patterns, and shared central services, such as airports and hospitals, that connect the risks. Rapid population growth with associated urbanization and suburbanization over the last several decades has resulted in a more fine-grained forest landscape with smaller and more numerous forest patches.

Rural counties in the region generally have a diversified economy with a relatively low percentage being heavily dependent on one sector.

While well known for agriculture and forestry, rural areas also support manufacturing and tourism. For companies involved in food processing, there are additional secondary economic risks associated with climate impacts on crops and livestock that could alter price or availability. An increasing number of high heat and dry days as the climate warms poses a risk to efficient power generation, particularly under conditions where the mode of primary generation moves towards natural gas and water-intensive nuclear power.

Agriculture, livestock rearing, and forestry activities are widespread and varied through the Southeast region. Increases in temperatures, water stress, freeze-free days, drought, and wildfire risks, together with changing conditions for invasive species and the movement of diseases, create a number of potential risks for existing agricultural systems Ch.

The conditions for raising and harvesting crops and livestock are projected to change. Higher temperatures can result in decreasing productivity of some cultivated crops, including cotton, corn, soybeans, and rice. Recent changes in seasonal temperatures that are critical for plant development will continue to impact regionally important crops. Peaches—an important crop in the Southeast—require an adequate period of cool temperatures, called the chill period, to produce yields that are economically viable.

Peaches also require warm temperatures at specific times during their development. A late freeze in March caused over a billion dollars of damages to peaches and other fruit crops. Forests, both natural and plantation, in the Southeast are vulnerable to climate variability and change.

In the southern Appalachians, ramps are threatened by two major processes: overharvesting pressures and a changing climate that could expose these plants to higher temperatures and lower soil moisture conditions during sensitive growth periods Ch.

Climate change thus acts to increase the vulnerability of this plant to the existing stressors. The Southeast is one of the most dynamic regions for forest change on the globe, though much of the change owes to intensive rotations of pine production and economic forces that drive frequent conversion between forest and agricultural uses in rural areas. The interactions of altered precipitation and natural disturbances will be important in understanding impacts to the forests not dominated by industrial forestry Ch.

Wildfire is a well-known risk in the Southeast region, where it occurs with greater frequency than any other U. Heat-related health threats are already a risk in outdoor jobs and activities. While heat illness is more often associated with urban settings, rural populations are also at risk. For example, higher rates of heat-related illness have been reported in rural North Carolina compared to urban locations. Investing in increased cooling is one likely form of adaptation.

Among U. The people of the rural Southeast confront a number of social stresses likely to add to the challenges posed by increases in climate stresses. Persistent rural poverty stands out in the Southeast Figure These days can be added up over time—a month or a year—to give a combined estimate of energy needed for heating or cooling. Although heating costs are expected to decrease as the climate warms in the Southeast, the number of cooling degree days is expected to increase and the length of the cooling season expected to expand, increasing energy demand and exacerbating rural energy poverty Figure The ability to cope with current and potential impacts, such as flooding, is further reduced by limited county resources.

A study of hazard management plans — in 84 selected rural southeastern counties found these plans scored low across various criteria. Interviewees also identified low-income and minority communities, substandard housing, lack of access to vehicles for evacuation, limited modes of communication, and limited local government capacity as contributing factors to difficulties in emergency planning.

The healthcare system in the Southeast is already overburdened and may be further stressed by climate change. Between and , more rural hospitals closed in the Southeast than any other region, with Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee being among the top five states for hospital closures. The Green River District Health Department recently did an assessment of ways to reduce vulnerability to negative health impacts of climate change in a mostly rural region of western Kentucky.

Prior to identifying critical issues for the Southeast assessment focuses for the Fourth National Climate Assessment NCA4 , the Chapter Lead CL contacted numerous professional colleagues representing various geographic areas e. Authors with specific expertise in each of these areas were sought, and a draft outline built around these issues was developed.

Further refinement of these focal areas occurred in conjunction with the public Regional Engagement Workshop, held on the campus of North Carolina State University in March and in six satellite locations across the Southeast region.

The participants agreed that the identified issues were important and suggested the inclusion of several other topics, including impacts on coastal and rural areas and people, forests, and agriculture.

The depth of discussion for any particular topic and Key Message is dependent on the availability of supporting literature and chapter length limitations. Many southeastern cities are particularly vulnerable to climate change compared to cities in other regions, with expected impacts to infrastructure and human health very likely, very high confidence.

The vibrancy and viability of these metropolitan areas, including the people and critical regional resources located in them, are increasingly at risk due to heat, flooding, and vector-borne disease brought about by a changing climate likely, high confidence.

Many of these urban areas are rapidly growing and offer opportunities to adopt effective adaptation efforts to prevent future negative impacts of climate change very likely, high confidence. Multiple studies have projected that urban areas, including those in the Southeast, will be adversely affected by climate change in a variety of ways.

This includes impacts on infrastructure 41 , 42 , 43 , , , and human health. Southeastern cities may be more vulnerable than cities in other regions of the United States due to the climate being more conducive to some vector-borne diseases, the presence of multiple large coastal cities at low elevation that are vulnerable to flooding and storms, and a rapidly growing urban and coastal population.

Many city and county governments, utilities, and other government and service organizations have already begun to plan and prepare for the impacts of climate change e. A wide variety of adaptation options are available, offering opportunities to improve the climate resilience, quality of life, and economy of urban areas. Population projections are inherently uncertain over long time periods, and shifts in immigration or migration rates and shifting demographics will influence urban vulnerabilities to climate change.

The precise impacts on cities are difficult to project. Launch control start RPM can be set by activating the launch control switch enable stage digital input. Faster acceleration enrichment detection to give better acceleration enrichment was added in previous 1. A representation of how far off the VE-table is.

Fixed a bug that caused incorrect temperature values when selecting predefined temp sensors in US imperial mode. Fixed a bug causing the injector duty and staging to be incorrectly calculated on Wankel and 2-stroke engines.

Fixed a bug where the AC Magnetic clutch output was always active with a reactivation delay of 0. Fixed a bug where disabled user outputs which had a digital input function enabled could trigger the digital input function. Fixed a bug in Surface3D where the selected data values did not match the actual selection in some circumstances. Added the ability to activate a digital input function directly in the bluetooth settings, switches.

New trigger: Single pulse per degrees. To trigger piggyback installations from a stock injector or coil. Fixed a bug where the error code 84 accidentally was triggered on some vehicles connected to the CAN-bus.

Fixed a bug where tachometer test output feature did not use the adjustment table if set to table. R keyboard shortcut is now back in whole system to erase all stored error codes from anywhere in MTune. Fixed a bug causing incorrect autotune operation if the operation was repeated on the same area. Fixed a bug where the incorrect idle duty was used during crankning when the After Start Duty was set to Table.

Fixed a bug where Surface 3D view not reloaded the view after a inverted view was requested by the right-click menu option. Fixed a nasty bug which we accidentally added in the last minutes before launching MTune 1. Local autotune will now only affect the closest cell not the four surrounding ones as in earlier MTune versions.

New RealTime Data value: Engine total time over limit resettable with a button in engine counters. New RealTime Data value: Engine total time on launch resettable with a button in engine counters. Changed the minimum Cut above RPM value in the advanced warning system, to be able to use the warning system even on idle or engine startup. New setting to disable Power Management and Traction Control when activating the digital input function secondary rev-limiter can be used as a Burnout Limiter , setting available in the rev limit.

Added an option to lock cells in tables. Locked cells cant be changed by the autotuner or by key shortcuts. Fixed a bug where multiple cells was selected, typing x,x caused just one cell to change x. Fixed a bug where ignition output coil duty was not displayed correctly in RealTime Data, output states.

New Rolling Launch function and the required digital input function Rolling launch control switch. Both hands should be on the steering wheel at all times except to change gears or to indicate.

Direction Indicator Used to indicate you wish to turn - signals turning left or right. Gear Lever Used to change gears. Brake pedal Used to slow your speed or to stop Accelerator Used to increase your speed. Clutch pedal Used to change gears in a manual vehicle Rear-view Mirror Used to see other vehicles and hazards behind you for safety. Windscreen Wipers Switch Used to turn your windscreen wipers on, off or to a higher or lower wiper setting for a clear view while driving in rain.

Self- inspection refers to checking on different aspects of the motor vehicle to ensure that it is safe to use. Self — inspection allows the driver to know what maintenance or repair work ought to be done. Self-inspection should also be done at the end of the journey so that the driver or vehicle owner can plan for any repairs. Self- inspection is divided into two parts. Exterior Inspection This is the inspection that the driver of the vehicle undertakes before starting the journey.

There are various vehicle components that should be inspected before driving off. These are 1. Tyres 2. Reflectors and lights 3. Mirrors 4. Windshield Wipers 5. Windows 6. The Body 7. Cleanliness 8. Safety Belts 9. Emergency equipment Paperwork 1. Tyres Safety Check It is important that the vehicle tyres are always in good condition. When tyres are in good condition, the driver is able to brake properly and to turn corners with ease.

Additionally, ensure that the vehicle is roadworthy and the correct registration and vehicle insurance Interior Inspection It is important to carry out the interior inspection to ensure that the vehicle is mechanically sound. The following are some of the parts that should be inspected 1. Brakes 2.

Steering 3. Indicators 4. Vehicle transmission 5. Oil level 6. Coolant Check 7. Battery 8. Leaks 1. Brakes Ensure that the brakes are properly adjusted. To do this you may turn on the engine and do a few manoeuvres. Steering The steering wheel should have a full range of motion i. It should also effectively turn the front wheels. Indicators Inspect all indicators to make sure that they are operational 4. Observation refers to using your sight and hearing ability to get a clear perception of what is around.

Driver visibility is the maximum distance at which a driver can clearly identify objects around the car. To enhance driver visibilty it is important to make use of all the mirrors in your vehicle. Look for potential hazards such as vehicles driving closely behind you, vehicles approaching quickly from behind, motorcyclists and cyclists. Potential hazards may require further mirrors checks to eliminate the possibility of turning into actual hazards.

Such potential hazards require that you use all the mirrors to establish their location and checking the blind spot is extremely important. Mirrors in your car The blind spot is the area around the vehicle that the driver cannot directly observe while driving. The blind spot varies according to the type of vehicle and the driver. The mirrors eliminate or alleviate the vehicle blind spot.

You will be asked to demonstrate certain aspects of your theoretical training at the manoeuvre yard. The manoeuvre yard also provides you with an opportunity to practice and gain confidence in driving before taking the car out to the road.

These are some of the essential skills you must have before you are allowed to proceed to the road. Driving Preparation As a learner you should be able to make the appropriate preparations before driving the car. These preparations include the vehicle self-inspection as explained in Unit 7 above. Once you are certain that your vehicle safe to drive. Keep your feet in this position — on the clutch and accelerator pedals 2.

Using the gears Most vehicles have five forward gears and one reverse gear. You should know the appropriate gear speed to be used when driving. You should learn to proficiently change from 1st to 5th gear without looking. The neutral position is where no gear is selected. Before starting the engine, the gear should be in neutral position. It is also the ideal gear for moving downhill from a stationary position.

The 4th gear provides more power and speed to the engine and can be used when overtaking another vehicle. This gear is used on highways where the speed limits are higher. Bring it down to meet your other hand then push the steering wheel up until the turn has been executed 5.

Parking at the kerb You should always find a parking space that is legal and convenient to park. If there are no vehicles behind you, you may slow down to get a clearer picture of what is around you. Turning J-turns A J-turn is a driving manoeuvre in which a reversing vehicle turns degrees and continues, facing forward, without changing direction of travel.

Only a confident driver who has had a sufficient experience driving on different road surfaces should do this type of turn. J-turns by reverse driving U-turn A U-turn is a driving manoeuvre in which a forward driving vehicle turns degrees and continues, facing forward, but moving in the opposite direction. Before you make a U-turn, check to make sure that there is no sign that says you should not. To make a U-turn safely, you must be able to see well both sides.

Driving on Bends When approaching a bend, it is important to note how sharp the bend is. Look out for road signs and markings which would indicate the type of bend you are going to encounter. Adjust your speed accordingly.

If you are too fast you are more likely to skid or lose control of your car. Surrounding trees, hedges, buildings and streetlights can give you a good indication of how sharp the bend is if there are no road signs. Protests erupt over virus rules in Austria, Italy, Croatia Tens of thousands of protesters, many from far-right groups, have marched through Vienna after the Austrian government announced a nationwide lockdown to contain skyrocketing coronavirus infections.

Elizabeth Holmes takes the stand in her criminal fraud trial The government has rested its case in the trial of fallen Silicon Valley star Elizabeth Holmes. Stocks end mostly lower, but tech gains push Nasdaq higher Stocks closed mostly lower on Wall Street Friday, though gains for several tech companies pushed the Nasdaq composite to another record high and its first close over 16, points.

How major US stock indexes fared Friday Stocks closed mostly lower on Wall Street Friday, though gains for several tech companies pushed the Nasdaq composite to another record high and its first close over 16, points.

Nebraska's 1. Biden mulls reversing Trump rules on western grouse species The Biden administration is considering new measures to protect a ground-dwelling bird species once found across much of the U.

When life gives you a lemon car, do this. Suggested Interests. Get the tips. Read their story. Future-proof Training for the Newsroom How can educators prepare students for an industry that changes so rapidly? We asked an expert. Listen in. Read his story. Buy now.